Paradata

Can you trust web-collected data? Bots, inattentive responders, and what paradata can (and can't) tell you

You launch an online study and sessions arrive overnight — but how many are from real, attentive people? A practical, honest look at the two different problems (automated fraud and inattentive humans), the defences researchers actually use, and where process-level quality signals fit.

7 July 2026